Fasciola is a well-known parasite with a worldwide distribution and huge implications for the economic performance of domesticated herbivorous animals. It also caused deleterious effects on human health. It is prevalent in most parts of Iran, but especially in Gilan province. During 2005,445 fecal samples taken directly from the rectum of local cattle in three different regions of Gilan and were subjected to coprological examination using saturated zinc and sodium chloride solution. The sex, age and locality of cattle were recorded. Our findings revealed an overall infection rate of32% with the highest rate (55.2%) occurring in Talesh. No significant relationship was found between sex or age (P=0.65) and infection. Despite this, in contrast to the longheld assumption that adult cattle develops resistance to infection, our findings showed no difference between the rates of infection and the mean number of Egg Per Gram (EPG) in young and old cattle. The rate of infection in 5,820 slaughtered cattle showed that the fascioliasis is more prevalent among the animals examined in Talesh Region (P<0.01).Meanwhile, there was a direct relationship between the amount of rainfall and the rate of infection (r=0.98, P<0.01). The determination of Fasciola species in the liver of 70 native cattle revealed that 50 (71.4%) harbored F. gigantic, 14 (20%) had F. hepatica, and six (8.5%) had F. hepatica and F. gigantica. There fore, F.gigantica was the dominant species in the studied areas.

In this study, the timber factories in Gilan province were evaluated applying indices of cost benefit ratio (B/C), internal rate of return (IRR) and net present value (NPV) to collected data of typical factories for a period of 50 years. The results indicated that NPV for the studied factories are positive, their B/C is close to one and the corresponding IRR is more than 20%.Despite economic justifications of such factories, MDF producers recently compete with them and there fore they might be weakening in the close future in term of their revenues. In this context, some policy implication has been provided at the end of this article.

One of the most important elements of the tourism system is the attractions as well as the services and infrastructure available at the tourist destinations that are provided to meet the needs and expectations of the tourists and to increase their satisfaction. What is important besides the need for these infrastructures is their spatial distribution and location, which requires careful study. Therefore, the present study investigates the spatial distribution of tourism infrastructure in Guilan province. The research method is descriptive-analytical. For analyzing the findings, the Average nearest neighbor, multi-distance spatial cluster analysis, Mean center and standard deviational ellipse method have been used. The results show that based on the average nearest neighbor, the pattern distribution of restaurants, tourism complexes, hotels, hotel apartments, Eco lodges, hostel and the whole tourism infrastructure of Guilan province was clustered. Also, based on multi-distance spatial cluster analysis, the distribution of tourism infrastructure in Guilan province is clustered. The distribution of many infrastructures is also in the northwest-southeast direction. Overall, the need for a more balanced development of tourism infrastructure in Guilan province is quite evident, which requires long-term planning as well as conversion of tourism resources to attractions.

Since many models to analyze urban issues are provided by experts and many of them have been borrowed from various disciplines. Entropy model as a model that was first introduced in thermodynamics and then used in science communication, Today, the city has opened its own building and has proven its efficiency in the analysis of urban issues. In this study, using an experimental prototype of this model is needed to analyze issues and procedures. For this purpose, the distribution of population in the city center of the city of Gilan province between 1335 to 1358 models using entropy, In order to understand the analyzed population centers that changes balance. The results indicate that, Of the population in urban centers and the classes are not balanced and heterogeneous distribution And process-oriented focus of the first cities with remarkable speed in the ongoing And the semi-balanced urban network in recent decades has led to the crisis. Thus providing economic and social facilities in small towns and mid-sized urban hierarchy can be created in an optimal.The city center, with the city's political and economic terms have significant effects, but these effects were not enough to deliver the optimal balance of the urban network of Gilan and The cities need to balance population distribution are more appropriate And the need to compensate for this lack of investment in urban infrastructure and employment generating activities on the one hand And implementation plans decentralizing the provincial level seems necessary.

The cooperative department is an appropriate field for creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship which provides the background necessary to reduce the government's intervention. The present study was carried out in order to pay attention and to give importance to the cooperative culture in 2013. The aim of research was to respond to uncertainty role of native model in cooperatives culture in the country as well as explain the driving and inhibiting factors in agriculture department of Gilan province. A random sample of fifty five expers were selected and and interviewed. Results of study showed thatihibiting factors had high and very high and driving factors had littel effect on agriculture cooperative culture. Results of t-test comparison between driving and inhibitor factors indicated that the inhibitor factors had greater impact than driving factors on cooperative culture. Results of Friedman rank test showed that, ranks of driving factors were individual and environmental and ranks of the inhibitor factors were individual, group, organizational and environmental, respectively.

The present study was carried out to collect, identify and determine medical plants dispersion in the Gilan province during 2001-2006. This study was carried out to identify tree and shrub species and herbaceous plants in the Gilan. For thes purpose at first the floristic list of Gilan was prepared, then lirerature review of the plants parameters were used for indemnification of the plants. In this study, 342 species, 229 genuses belonging to 95 familities were distinguished. These results showed 24 species belonged to Rosaceae, 23 species to Labiatae, 19 species to Compositae and the others belonged to other plant families.

The current study set out to identify the influential factors involved in implementing public tourism policies in Gilan province, Iran. To this end, this developmental qualitative research applies an inductive approach and follows the interpretive-constructivist philosophy. The study’s population consisted of experts in the field of tourism, public policy, Gilan studies, and geography, out of whom some twenty experts were selected and interviewed using purposive snowball sampling. According to the findings of the study, technological, cultural, social, economic, and political-administrative factors were found to have contributed to the implementation of the public tourism policy in Gilan province. In this regard, the political-administrative factor was found to comprise bureaucracy reduction, education, and human resources development and improvement. Moreover, it was revealed that the social factors included strengthening social responsibility, increasing public and non-governmental organizations' participation, proper communication of the executive department with residents, and enjoying social capital. On the other hand, the results showed that the cultural factor consisted of utilizing cultural symbols, developing localized policies, and emphasizing the cultural structure of each region and that the technological factor included the emphasis on media advertisement and strengthening technological infrastructure. Finally, the economic factor was found to comprise participatory governance, proper financial planning, and proper budgeting. The main achievement of this research is its focus on the implementation aspect of policy-making and the recognition of various cultural, technological, social, economic, and political-administrative factors in the successful implementation of tourism policies, suggesting that in addition to economic factors, some other factors also contribute to the effective policy implementation, a fact which has been neglected in many similar studies.

Three new specie including Pimpinella Gilanica (Apiaceae), Potentilla humilis (Rosaceae) and Verbascum Gilanicum (Scrophulariaceae) are described. In addition, three new records including Aethusa cynapium L. (Apiaceae), Hypochaeris glabra L. (Asteraceae) and Turritis laxa (Sibth. & Sm.) Hayek (Brassicaceae) are reported as new records for the flora of Iran.